BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essays

BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essays BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essay BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING Essay BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING BY Iatr01990 BASIC QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MARKETING BASIC TERMINOLOGY Simple calculations often help in making quality marketing decisions. If we are to assess the likely profit consequences of alternative actions, we must understand the cost associated with doing business as well. We can calculate the expected revenue generated by each pricing strategy, but without cost information, it is not possible to determine the preferred price. The cost concepts we introduce are:- Variable cost Fixed cost Total cost We combine the cost information with price information to determine unit contribution and total contribution. This Figure is a good enough approximation of actual cost behaviour Total cost 0 The total cost line (the solid line) does not go through the origin, i. e. , for a zero output level, total cost is not zero. Fixed cost 0 We call OA the firms fixed costs. Fixed costs are those costs which do not vary with the level of output. An example of a fixed cost is the lease cost of a plant. Variable cost 0 The variable cost increases as output increases. TOTAL COST = FIXED COST + TOTAL VARIABLE COST Contribution Unit contribution = PriceUnit (P) Variable costUnit (VB) Total contribution = (P VB) * Total number of units the firm sells Total contribution = Total revenue Total variable cost Price*Total number Variable cost unit*Total number of unit sells of unit sells The total contribution is the amount available to the firm to cover (or continued to) fixed cost and profit after the variable cost has been deducted from total revenue. Example: Lets solidify our understanding of these definitions by working through he video cassette tape pricing problem. Suppose the unit variable cost k is $4; tnen assumlng tne sales Torecasts pnce = $5 Unit contribution Tor eacn prlce level given aoove are correct: -$1 Total contribution per week * Tot. number of unit sells = * 1,000 units/week= 1 . ooomeeks pnce = $6 = $6- $4-$2 Total contribution per week = $2/unit * 700 units/week pnce = $7. 50 = $7. 50 $4=$3. 50 = 1. 400/weeks Total contribution per week = $3. 50/unit *600 units/week =2. 100/weeks Since, by definition, the fixed cost associated with each output level is the same, the firm is best off by charging $7. 0 since of the three possible prices $7. 50 maximizes the total contribution. MARGIN CALCULATIONS The term margin is sometimes used interchangeably with unit contribution for a manufacturer. Margin is also used to refer to the difference between the acquisition price and selling price ofa good for a member of the channels of distribution. For example, consider Figure D, in which we have the videocassette tape manufacturer selling through a wholesaler, who in turn sells to retailers, who then sell to the public. Each of the three members of the channel of distribution(manufacturer, holesaler, retailer) performs a function and is compensated for it by the margin it receives. RETAILERS PERCENT= SELLING PRICE MARGIN TO CONSUMERS PURCHASE PRICE FROM WHOLESALER SELLING PRICE TO CONSUMERS RETAILERS DOLLAR MARGIN Note that in the denominator of Equation, we have the selling price to consumers. It would have been as logical to put purchase price from wholesaler there instead. It is only by convention that we divide by the selling price. For any member of the channel, we will always compute its percentage margin by dividing its dollar margin by the price at which it sells the goods. BREAK-EVEN VOLUME The BEV is the volume at which the firms total revenues equal total cost; below BEV, the firm has a loss; above BEV, the firm shows a profit. How many units must be sold to cover cos ts- we can ootaln tne answer Dy arawlng a total revenue line as In Hgure F. The point at which the total revenue line cuts the total cost is BEV. BEV = FIXED COST / (PRICE UNIT VARIABLE COST) = FIXED COST / UNIT CONTRIBUTION BEV can be of help in making decisions about unit contribution (through price or variable cost changes) or the appropriate level of fixed costs for a business.

Arms Control essays

Arms Control essays Arms control is a major issue facing the nations of the world today. The concept that a war today could destroy every living thing doesnt sit well with many people. So to control weapons and what nations have these weapons will help control war. With problems with Nuclear weapons, Biological, chemical, and small arms we need to control them to help curve the problem. There are five nuclear weapon states in the world. They are the United States, Russia, France, United Kingdom, and China. Currently there are no international laws banning nuclear weapons, but their bans on testing these weapons. There is a treaty to ban nuclear testing world wide, to establish inspections, and establish a network of monitoring stations to identify these situations (United Nations Handout). Thus far, not all forty-four of the countries with nuclear capabilities have signed, therefore making it null and void. Until we can come to agreement on this issue the issue of resolving the other weapons will be hard to come by. Chemical and biological weapons are the next item for the world to tackle. There are more than sixteen nations with these weapons. Some of which are Russia, India, China, and Israel. There is a Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the use stockpile, development, production, and sale of these weapons. More than seventy nations have ratified it. There are five nations that have neither taken part in talks nor signed the agreement. They are Egypt, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and Syria. The problem with controlling chemical weapons is that many of the agents that are used are used in everyday items. Phosphoric oxychloride, which is used in insecticides, gasoline additives and flame-retardants, is an item in question. These are items we must curtail to lessen or stop the threat of a chemical and biological war. The issue of land mines and small arms is a huge issue to tackle. For the simple reason tha ...

Answer some questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Answer some questions - Assignment Example Germany attacked the Great Britain by bombing and bringing lots of destruction. In return, the British forces fought back to counter the German conquest. German continued the attacks by fighting the Britain’s Royal air force who were their formidable opponents and this mad the Germans to be more determined in defeating the Britain air force. Germany bombed the largest city of Great Britain, London City and this was a very severe attack to the Britain nation and thus was one of the greatest attacks transacted by Hitler. Once the London bombing was done, the Germanys felt that they were winning the Battle but instead the British air force took to the sky and bombed the German bombers. Germany ended up losing a lot of airplanes among other military hardware. Germany decided to stop attacking Britain because they ran out of fighter planes as they had been destroyed by Britain. Hitler needed more air force to invade Russia, but his men were busy fighting the British forces. Hitler lost interest in taking over Britain and so he decided to stop attacking them. Hitler never wanted to attack innocent people in the cities and this contributed to him stopping the attacks in Great Britain. They decided to down a significant portion of the Britain (Radar Defense system) RDS while Great Britain managed to shoot down 46 aircraft belonging to Germany even though they lost 13 of their own. In another incidence during the fight, Great Britain shot down 75 Germany aircrafts and lost 35 of their own (Allison, Grey &Valentine, 2012). Great Britain succeeded in using the Germany Luftwaffe strategy by ruling against any striking of the RDS, which made them ineffective. Great Britain fought until they came out victorious and Hitler lost the battle. Hitler s ucceeded in bombing London for 57 successful nights, but later lost due to poor strategy in the battle. There was bad weather that was experienced during the attack and that attackers

International Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Relations - Assignment Example etwork groups, organizations, movements or individuals who has sufficient powers to influence international relations, though they are not part of any recognized institution of a state1. 2. Defining terrorism is difficult as the motives, methods, and targets of terrorism differ greatly from group to group and case to case. However, in common terms, terrorism is the systematic use of powerful terrorization mostly for achieving political, religious, linguistic, racial, ethnical or ideological motives. Also, it involves lot of complexity since understanding the commonness in each category is also almost impossible. The most of the disparity in defining terrorism lies in describing terrorist motivations. As an attempt to solve this, several definitions are tried by specifically addressing the motives of terrorist groups2. 3. Uncivil networks are the result of governmental failure with regard to political equality or equality of influence in the political process; social equality or equality in wealth, education, and social status; equality of opportunity or equality in chances for success; and equality of outcome. Power of uncivil networks was proved in 1996, where such uncivil networks attained several successes in every endeavor involved by them like human rights, terror, transnational crime and insurgency3. 4. Human trafficking is a serious crime in which people are deceived, sold and exploited for forced labor, sexual exploitation, domestic servitude, street crime, organ sale or human sacrifice. Several men, women or children are exploited by the traffickers from their own country or abroad. Human trafficking is a serious violation of human rights. Most of the countries have begun their fight against human trafficking. Recently, USA’s secretary of state John Kerry has stated from annual trafficking in persons (TIP) report that around 46000 victims of human trafficking are exposed to the world. Though, it is expected that around 27 million people are enslaved

What are the features and issues of a B-Corporation Essay

What are the features and issues of a B-Corporation - Essay Example The corporation can chose from the particular public benefit; to promote arts, protecting or revamping environment, science or knowledge advancement, improving human health, enhancing economic opportunity for persons and society besides the ordinary business course of jobs creation. The B corporation must establish an additionally purpose to create a general public benefits. Public benefit can be a material positive effects on society as well as the environment with regard to the third party standard assessment as well as the operations of the B-corporation. With respect to Warby Parker Corporation, it has ensured public benefit via the donations. In conjunction with VisionSpring, the Corporation sells the glasses and sunglasses. The public benefit is ensured by its program of donation where for every pair of Warby Parker glasses bought, Warby Parker Company pays for the production of a pair of eyeglasses donated to the VisionSpring, an NGO. The VisionSpring thus sell to consumers or firms directly or indirectly. This donation program has ensured that the public interest is served by benefiting the visually impaired persons that buys these glasses at cheaper prices (Korhan 78). Warby Parker has been successful and has saved on cots of operation based on online business approach and delivery cab done in a day as well making it possible to test your eyegl ass online by downloading a photo. The donation has been impactful as by the July 2013, it had distributed over 500,000 to marginalize and the less fortunate groups. This is beneficial as people freely benefit from such arrangements and hence meets the purpose standards set for them. This program has really contributed to the social and economic development. In terms of social development, donations that are channeled through VisionSpring NGO has ensured the Special needs students and other visually impaired individual can execute their activities without challenges

Social Influences on Conformity

Social Influences on Conformity I would like to write an essay on social influence conformity and how it is exhibited in society. I want to use one real-life example in my essay, which will help to understand discussed question with more details. First of all it is necessary to define two terms conformity and social influence and then to connect them with each other. According to Wood (2000) social influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general.ÂÂ   Social influence is divided in three main areas: conformity, compliance and obedience. Conformity as a main object of our research and it can be defined as personal changes in attitude or even behavior in relate to other people behavior, attempt to be more like others. Conformity can be presented on different stages of our life and thoughts, changing our values and beliefs, and making our behavior similar to our admired idols. I want to mention that the level of obvious social pressure, associated with these three above stated categories, increases as a man passes from conformity to compliance and, finally, to the obedience. The conformity is exhibited in society in various ways and it is implied by the change of conduct so that it corresponded reactions or actions of others, to the conduct of people, circumferential us. Taking as example one situation we will illustrate social influence in the frames of conformity. Going on an evening-party or concert, you, probably, will ask: How will be people dressed there? Lets imagine that you come in shorts and sport shirt, while all around will be in evening suits, or vice versa, lets imagine that you appear solemnly dressed, when all other in frivolous dresses. Discomfort which majority will feel from you causes a strong desire to correspond to a situation. Such conformism is fully natural and here is no opened social pressure; let even nobody will never take you aside and will not say: you unsuitably got dressed, but you can be of own volition changed clothes in something, more proper a place and time. Thus, it will be good to mention for the conclusion that surroundings of the identically adjusted people can have a strong influence on interpretation of reality and it will change personal attitude to it. Conformity makes our behavior more socialized, because due to this notion we try to follow the rules of our society, to follow social norms and regulate our behavior in compliance with place and people who are around us. Reference Wood, W. (2000). ATTITUDE CHANGE: Persuasion and Social Influence. Annual Review of Psychology.

C. Vann Woodwards The Strange Career Of Jim Crow Essay examples -- Ci

C. Vann Woodward's The Strange Career Of Jim Crow C. Vann Woodward illuminates one of the â€Å"ugliest† aspects of American societal history in his book The Strange Career of Jim Crow. His book is an overview of the development of the Jim Crow system, a set of racist laws put in place around the turn of the nineteenth century. Interestingly his book tracks the evolution of racism throughout American history. He not only shows where and when racism is developing but the different ways that the racism manifested itself in the North and South. C. Vann Woodward published the first edition of his book in 1955, while the racial atmosphere was in a tumultuous state. Black Americans at the time were still suffering from the effects of the Supreme Court Decision Plessy vs. Ferguson from 1896, the â€Å"separate but equal† distinction of the law. His book is published in the heat of these debates and racial struggle, posing the question how complete his book could be. He then republishes the book three more times, his second revised edition was published in 1966, his third in 1974, and the last in 2001. The book is based on lectures which he delivered at the University of Virginia in 1954. With every revision, he includes more evidence for arguments and responds to literary criticism. With the Civil Rights Movement raging around him, Woodward sought to explain the way the environment had come to be the way it was. In 1955 the Montgomery bus boycott was occurring as Woodward’s book was being published. With his first edition of the book, some of the most notable events of the civil rights movement had not yet occurred, Rosa Parks had not refused to give up her seat on the bus, the desegregation of schools was just beginning, and Martin ... ...at they could and they dealt with what they couldn't. The most interesting thing that Woodward does in his book is that he keeps perspective and he makes sure that he includes as much up to date information as possible. He is careful to keep his own personal opinions in perspective and bases most of the book on research. C. Vann Woodward himself comes from a background where he has dealt with much of what he writes about and he does not let his prior experiences interfere with his work. While he responds to the criticisms of his work he does not attack people he addresses the ideas. He uses many reliable sources from historical documents to his contemporaries. He gives both sides to every argument and point that he makes and he is very thorough. While he does not keep his opinions completely out of the book he includes his opposition and their opinions as well.

Twilight 8. PORT ANGELES

8. PORT ANGELES Jess drove faster than the Chief, so we made it to Port Angeles by four. It had been a while since I'd had a girls' night out, and the estrogen rush was invigorating. We listened to whiny rock songs while Jessica jabbered on about the boys we hung out with. Jessica's dinner with Mike had gone very well, and she was hoping that by Saturday night they would have progressed to the first-kiss stage. I smiled to myself, pleased. Angela was passively happy to be going to the dance, but not really interested in Eric. Jess tried to get her to confess who her type was, but I interrupted with a question about dresses after a bit, to spare her. Angela threw a grateful glance my way. Port Angeles was a beautiful little tourist trap, much more polished and quaint than Forks. But Jessica and Angela knew it well, so they didn't plan to waste time on the picturesque boardwalk by the bay. Jess drove straight to the one big department store in town, which was a few streets in from the bay area's visitor-friendly face. The dance was billed as semiformal, and we weren't exactly sure what that meant. Both Jessica and Angela seemed surprised and almost disbelieving when I told them I'd never been to a dance in Phoenix. â€Å"Didn't you ever go with a boyfriend or something?† Jess asked dubiously as we walked through the front doors of the store. â€Å"Really,† I tried to convince her, not wanting to confess my dancing problems. â€Å"I've never had a boyfriend or anything close. I didn't go out much.† â€Å"Why not?† Jessica demanded. â€Å"No one asked me,† I answered honestly. She looked skeptical. â€Å"People ask you out here,† she reminded me, â€Å"and you tell them no.† We were in the juniors' section now, scanning the racks for dress-up clothes. â€Å"Well, except for Tyler,† Angela amended quietly. â€Å"Excuse me?† I gasped. â€Å"What did you say?† â€Å"Tyler told everyone he's taking you to prom,† Jessica informed me with suspicious eyes. â€Å"He said what?† I sounded like I was choking. â€Å"I told you it wasn't true,† Angela murmured to Jessica. I was silent, still lost in shock that was quickly turning to irritation. But we had found the dress racks, and now we had work to do. â€Å"That's why Lauren doesn't like you,† Jessica giggled while we pawed through the clothes. I ground my teeth. â€Å"Do you think that if I ran him over with my truck he would stop feeling guilty about the accident? That he might give up on making amends and call it even?† â€Å"Maybe,† Jess snickered. ‘†If that's why he's doing this.† The dress selection wasn't large, but both of them found a few things to try on. I sat on a low chair just inside the dressing room, by the three-way mirror, trying to control my fuming. Jess was torn between two – one a long, strapless, basic black number, the other a knee-length electric blue with spaghetti straps. I encouraged her to go with the blue; why not play up the eyes? Angela chose a pale pink dress that draped around her tall frame nicely and brought out honey tints in her light brown hair. I complimented them both generously and helped by returning the rejects to their racks. The whole process was much shorter and easier than similar trips I'd taken with Ren? ¦e at home. I guess there was something to be said for limited choices. We headed over to shoes and accessories. While they tried things on I merely watched and critiqued, not in the mood to shop for myself, though I did need new shoes. The girls'-night high was wearing off in the wake of my annoyance at Tyler, leaving room for the gloom to move back in. â€Å"Angela?† I began, hesitant, while she was trying on a pair of pink strappy heels – she was overjoyed to have a date tall enough that she could wear high heels at all. Jessica had drifted to the jewelry counter and we were alone. â€Å"Yes?† She held her leg out, twisting her ankle to get a better view of the shoe. I chickened out. â€Å"I like those.† â€Å"I think I'll get them – though they'll never match anything but the one dress,† she mused. â€Å"Oh, go ahead – they're on sale,† I encouraged. She smiled, putting the lid back on a box that contained more practical-looking off-white shoes. I tried again. â€Å"Um, Angela†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She looked up curiously. â€Å"Is it normal for the†¦ Cullens† – I kept my eyes on the shoes – â€Å"to be out of school a lot?† I failed miserably in my attempt to sound nonchalant. â€Å"Yes, when the weather is good they go backpacking all the time – even the doctor. They're all real outdoorsy,† she told me quietly, examining her shoes, too. She didn't ask one question, let alone the hundreds that Jessica would have unleashed. I was beginning to really like Angela. â€Å"Oh.† I let the subject drop as Jessica returned to show us the rhinestone jewelry she'd found to match her silver shoes. We planned to go to dinner at a little Italian restaurant on the boardwalk, but the dress shopping hadn't taken as long as we'd expected. Jess and Angela were going to take their clothes back to the car and then walk down to the bay. I told them I would meet them at the restaurant in an hour – I wanted to look for a bookstore. They were both willing to come with me, but I encouraged them to go have fun – they didn't know how preoccupied I could get when surrounded by books; it was something I preferred to do alone. They walked off to the car chattering happily, and I headed in the direction Jess pointed out. I had no trouble finding the bookstore, but it wasn't what I was looking for. The windows were full of crystals, dream-catchers, and books about spiritual healing. I didn't even go inside. Through the glass I could see a fifty-year-old woman with long, gray hair worn straight down her back, clad in a dress right out of the sixties, smiling welcomingly from behind the counter. I decided that was one conversation I could skip. There had to be a normal bookstore in town. I meandered through the streets, which were filling up with end-of-the-workday traffic, and hoped I was headed toward downtown. I wasn't paying as much attention as I should to where I was going; I was wrestling with despair. I was trying so hard not to think about him, and what Angela had said†¦ and more than anything trying to beat down my hopes for Saturday, fearing a disappointment more painful than the rest, when I looked up to see someone's silver Volvo parked along the street and it all came crashing down on me. Stupid, unreliable vampire, I thought to myself. I stomped along in a southerly direction, toward some glass-fronted shops that looked promising. But when I got to them, they were just a repair shop and a vacant space. I still had too much time to go looking for Jess and Angela yet, and I definitely needed to get my mood in hand before I met back up with them. I ran my fingers through my hair a couple of times and took some deep breaths before I continued around the corner. I started to realize, as I crossed another road, that I was going the wrong direction. The little foot traffic I had seen was going north, and it looked like the buildings here were mostly warehouses. I decided to turn east at the next corner, and then loop around after a few blocks and try my luck on a different street on my way back to the boardwalk. A group of four men turned around the corner I was heading for, dressed too casually to be heading home from the office, but they were too grimy to be tourists. As they approached me, I realized they weren't too many years older than I was. They were joking loudly among themselves, laughing raucously and punching each other's arms. I scooted as far to the inside of the sidewalk as I could to give them room, walking swiftly, looking past them to the corner. â€Å"Hey, there!† one of them called as they passed, and he had to be talking to me since no one else was around. I glanced up automatically. Two of them had paused, the other two were slowing. The closest, a heavyset, dark-haired man in his early twenties, seemed to be the one who had spoken. He was wearing a flannel shirt open over a dirty t-shirt, cut-off jeans, and sandals. He took half a step toward me. â€Å"Hello,† I mumbled, a knee-jerk reaction. Then I quickly looked away and walked faster toward the corner. I could hear them laughing at full volume behind me. â€Å"Hey, wait!† one of them called after me again, but I kept my head down and rounded the corner with a sigh of relief. I could still hear them chortling behind me. I found myself on a sidewalk leading past the backs of several somber-colored warehouses, each with large bay doors for unloading trucks, padlocked for the night. The south side of the street had no sidewalk, only a chain-link fence topped with barbed wire protecting some kind of engine parts storage yard. I'd wandered far past the part of Port Angeles that I, as a guest, was intended to see. It was getting dark, I realized, the clouds finally returning, piling up on the western horizon, creating an early sunset. The eastern sky was still clear, but graying, shot through with streaks of pink and orange. I'd left my jacket in the car, and a sudden shiver made me cross my arms tightly across my chest. A single van passed me, and then the road was empty. The sky suddenly darkened further, and, as I looked over my shoulder to glare at the offending cloud, I realized with a shock that two men were walking quietly twenty feet behind me. They were from the same group I'd passed at the corner, though neither was the dark one who'd spoken to me. I turned my head forward at once, quickening my pace. A chill that had nothing to do with the weather made me shiver again. My purse was on a shoulder strap and I had it slung across my body, the way you were supposed to wear it so it wouldn't get snatched. I knew exactly where my pepper spray was – still in my duffle bag under the bed, never unpacked. I didn't have much money with me, just a twenty and some ones, and I thought about â€Å"accidentally† dropping my bag and walking away. But a small, frightened voice in the back of my mind warned me that they might be something worse than thieves. I listened intently to their quiet footsteps, which were much too quiet when compared to the boisterous noise they'd been making earlier, and it didn't sound like they were speeding up, or getting any closer to me. Breathe, I had to remind myself. You don't know they're following you. I continued to walk as quickly as I could without actually running, focusing on the right-hand turn that was only a few yards away from me now. I could hear them, staying as far back as they'd been before. A blue car turned onto the street from the south and drove quickly past me. I thought of jumping out in front of it, but I hesitated, inhibited, unsure that I was really being pursued, and then it was too late. I reached the corner, but a swift glance revealed that it was only a blind drive to the back of another building. I was half-turned in anticipation; I had to hurriedly correct and dash across the narrow drive, back to the sidewalk. The street ended at the next corner, where there was a stop sign. I concentrated on the faint footsteps behind me, deciding whether or not to run. They sounded farther back, though, and I knew they could outrun me in any case. I was sure to trip and go sprawling if I tried to go any faster. The footfalls were definitely farther back. I risked a quick glance over my shoulder, and they were maybe forty feet back now, I saw with relief. But they were both staring at me. It seemed to take forever for me to get to the corner. I kept my pace steady, the men behind me falling ever so slightly farther behind with every step. Maybe they realized they had scared me and were sorry. I saw two cars going north pass the intersection I was heading for, and I exhaled in relief. There would be more people around once I got off this deserted street. I skipped around the corner with a grateful sigh. And skidded to a stop. The street was lined on both sides by blank, doorless, windowless walls. I could see in the distance, two intersections down, streetlamps, cars, and more pedestrians, but they were all too far away. Because lounging against the western building, midway down the street, were the other two men from the group, both watching with excited smiles as I froze dead on the sidewalk. I realized then that I wasn't being followed. I was being herded. I paused for only a second, but it felt like a very long time. I turned then and darted to the other side of the road. I had a sinking feeling that it was a wasted attempt. The footsteps behind me were louder now. â€Å"There you are!† The booming voice of the stocky, dark-haired man shattered the intense quiet and made me jump. In the gathering darkness, it seemed like he was looking past me. â€Å"Yeah,† a voice called loudly from behind me, making me jump again as I tried to hurry down the street. â€Å"We just took a little detour.† My steps had to slow now. I was closing the distance between myself and the lounging pair too quickly. I had a good loud scream, and I sucked in air, preparing to use it, but my throat was so dry I wasn't sure how much volume I could manage. With a quick movement I slipped my purse over my head, gripping the strap with one hand, ready to surrender it or use it as weapon as need demanded. The thickset man shrugged away from the wall as I warily came to a stop, and walked slowly into the street. â€Å"Stay away from me,† I warned in a voice that was supposed to sound strong and fearless. But I was right about the dry throat – no volume. â€Å"Don't be like that, sugar,† he called, and the raucous laughter started again behind me. I braced myself, feet apart, trying to remember through my panic what little self-defense I knew. Heel of the hand thrust upward, hopefully breaking the nose or shoving it into the brain. Finger through the eye socket – try to hook around and pop the eye out. And the standard knee to the groin, of course. That same pessimistic voice in my mind spoke up then, reminding me that I probably wouldn't have a chance against one of them, and there were four. Shut up! I commanded the voice before terror could incapacitate me. I wasn't going out without taking someone with me. I tried to swallow so I could build up a decent scream. Headlights suddenly flew around the corner, the car almost hitting the stocky one, forcing him to jump back toward the sidewalk. I dove into the road – this car was going to stop, or have to hit me. But the silver car unexpectedly fishtailed around, skidding to a stop with the passenger door open just a few feet from me. â€Å"Get in,† a furious voice commanded. It was amazing how instantaneously the choking fear vanished, amazing how suddenly the feeling of security washed over me – even before I was off the street – as soon as I heard his voice. I jumped into the seat, slamming the door shut behind me. It was dark in the car, no light had come on with the opening of the door, and I could barely see his face in the glow from the dashboard. The tires squealed as he spun around to face north, accelerating too quickly, swerving toward the stunned men on the street. I caught a glimpse of them diving for the sidewalk as we straightened out and sped toward the harbor. â€Å"Put on your seat belt,† he commanded, and I realized I was clutching the seat with both hands. I quickly obeyed; the snap as the belt connected was loud in the darkness. He took a sharp left, racing forward, blowing through several stop signs without a pause. But I felt utterly safe and, for the moment, totally unconcerned about where we were going. I stared at his face in profound relief, relief that went beyond my sudden deliverance. I studied his flawless features in the limited light, waiting for my breath to return to normal, until it occurred to me that his expression was murderously angry. â€Å"Are you okay?† I asked, surprised at how hoarse my voice sounded. â€Å"No,† he said curtly, and his tone was livid. I sat in silence, watching his face while his blazing eyes stared straight ahead, until the car came to a sudden stop. I glanced around, but it was too dark to see anything beside the vague outline of dark trees crowding the roadside. We weren't in town anymore. â€Å"Bella?† he asked, his voice tight, controlled. â€Å"Yes?† My voice was still rough. I tried to clear my throat quietly. â€Å"Are you all right?† He still didn't look at me, but the fury was plain on his face. â€Å"Yes,† I croaked softly. â€Å"Distract me, please,† he ordered. â€Å"I'm sorry, what?† He exhaled sharply. â€Å"Just prattle about something unimportant until I calm down,† he clarified, closing his eyes and pinching the bridge of his nose with his thumb and forefinger. â€Å"Um.† I wracked my brain for something trivial. â€Å"I'm going to run over Tyler Crowley tomorrow before school?† He was still squeezing his eyes closed, but the corner of his mouth twitched. â€Å"Why?† â€Å"He's telling everyone that he's taking me to prom – either he's insane or he's still trying to make up for almost killing me last†¦ well, you remember it, and he thinks prom is somehow the correct way to do this. So I figure if I endanger his life, then we're even, and he can't keep trying to make amends. I don't need enemies and maybe Lauren would back off if he left me alone. I might have to total his Sentra, though. If he doesn't have a ride he can't take anyone to prom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I babbled on. â€Å"I heard about that.† He sounded a bit more composed. â€Å"You did?† I asked in disbelief, my previous irritation flaring. â€Å"If he's paralyzed from the neck down, he can't go to the prom, either,† I muttered, refining my plan. Edward sighed, and finally opened his eyes. â€Å"Better?† â€Å"Not really.† I waited, but he didn't speak again. He leaned his head back against the seat, staring at the ceiling of the car. His face was rigid. â€Å"What's wrong?† My voice came out in a whisper. â€Å"Sometimes I have a problem with my temper, Bella.† He was whispering, too, and as he stared out the window, his eyes narrowed into slits. â€Å"But it wouldn't be helpful for me to turn around and hunt down those†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He didn't finish his sentence, looking away, struggling for a moment to control his anger again. â€Å"At least,† he continued, â€Å"that's what I'm trying to convince myself.† â€Å"Oh.† The word seemed inadequate, but I couldn't think of a better response. We sat in silence again. I glanced at the clock on the dashboard. It was past six-thirty. â€Å"Jessica and Angela will be worried,† I murmured. â€Å"I was supposed to meet them.† He started the engine without another word, turning around smoothly and speeding back toward town. We were under the streetlights in no time at all, still going too fast, weaving with ease through the cars slowly cruising the boardwalk. He parallel-parked against the curb in a space I would have thought much too small for the Volvo, but he slid in effortlessly in one try. I looked out the window to see the lights of La Bella Italia, and Jess and Angela just leaving, pacing anxiously away from us. â€Å"How did you know where†¦ ?† I began, but then I just shook my head. I heard the door open and turned to see him getting out. â€Å"What are you doing?† I asked. â€Å"I'm taking you to dinner.† He smiled slightly, but his eyes were hard. He stepped out of the car and slammed the door. I fumbled with my seat belt, and then hurried to get out of the car as well. He was waiting for me on the sidewalk. He spoke before I could. â€Å"Go stop Jessica and Angela before I have to track them down, too. I don't think I could restrain myself if I ran into your other friends again.† I shivered at the threat in his voice. â€Å"Jess! Angela!† I yelled after them, waving when they turned. They rushed back to me, the pronounced relief on both their faces simultaneously changing to surprise as they saw who I was standing next to. They hesitated a few feet from us. â€Å"Where have you been?† Jessica's voice was suspicious. â€Å"I got lost,† I admitted sheepishly. â€Å"And then I ran into Edward.† I gestured toward him. â€Å"Would it be all right if I joined you?† he asked in his silken, irresistible voice. I could see from their staggered expressions that he had never unleashed his talents on them before. â€Å"Er†¦ sure,† Jessica breathed. â€Å"Um, actually, Bella, we already ate while we were waiting – sorry,† Angela confessed. â€Å"That's fine – I'm not hungry.† I shrugged. â€Å"I think you should eat something.† Edward's voice was low, but full of authority. He looked up at Jessica and spoke slightly louder. â€Å"Do you mind if I drive Bella home tonight? That way you won't have to wait while she eats.† â€Å"Uh, no problem, I guess†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She bit her lip, trying to figure out from my expression whether that was what I wanted. I winked at her. I wanted nothing more than to be alone with my perpetual savior. There were so many questions that I couldn't bombard him with till we were by ourselves. â€Å"Okay.† Angela was quicker than Jessica. â€Å"See you tomorrow, Bella†¦ Edward.† She grabbed Jessica's hand and pulled her toward the car, which I could see a little ways away, parked across First Street. As they got in, Jess turned and waved, her face eager with curiosity. I waved back, waiting for them to drive away before I turned to face him. â€Å"Honestly, I'm not hungry,† I insisted, looking up to scrutinize his face. His expression was unreadable. â€Å"Humor me.† He walked to the door of the restaurant and held it open with an obstinate expression. Obviously, there would be no further discussion. I walked past him into the restaurant with a resigned sigh. The restaurant wasn't crowded – it was the off-season in Port Angeles. The host was female, and I understood the look in her eyes as she assessed Edward. She welcomed him a little more warmly than necessary. I was surprised by how much that bothered me. She was several inches taller than I was, and unnaturally blond. â€Å"A table for two?† His voice was alluring, whether he was aiming for that or not. I saw her eyes flicker to me and then away, satisfied by my obvious ordinariness, and by the cautious, no-contact space Edward kept between us. She led us to a table big enough for four in the center of the most crowded area of the dining floor. I was about to sit, but Edward shook his head at me. â€Å"Perhaps something more private?† he insisted quietly to the host. I wasn't sure, but it looked like he smoothly handed her a tip. I'd never seen anyone refuse a table except in old movies. â€Å"Sure.† She sounded as surprised as I was. She turned and led us around a partition to a small ring of booths – all of them empty. â€Å"How's this?† â€Å"Perfect.† He flashed his gleaming smile, dazing her momentarily. â€Å"Um† – she shook her head, blinking – â€Å"your server will be right out.† She walked away unsteadily. â€Å"You really shouldn't do that to people,† I criticized. â€Å"It's hardly fair.† â€Å"Do what?† â€Å"Dazzle them like that – she's probably hyperventilating in the kitchen right now.† He seemed confused. â€Å"Oh, come on,† I said dubiously. â€Å"You have to know the effect you have on people.† He tilted his head to one side, and his eyes were curious. â€Å"I dazzle people?† â€Å"You haven't noticed? Do you think everybody gets their way so easily?† He ignored my questions. â€Å"Do I dazzle you?† â€Å"Frequently,† I admitted. And then our server arrived, her face expectant. The hostess had definitely dished behind the scenes, and this new girl didn't look disappointed. She flipped a strand of short black hair behind one ear and smiled with unnecessary warmth. â€Å"Hello. My name is Amber, and I'll be your server tonight. What can I get you to drink?† I didn't miss that she was speaking only to him. He looked at me. â€Å"I'll have a Coke.† It sounded like a question. â€Å"Two Cokes,† he said. â€Å"I'll be right back with that,† she assured him with another unnecessary smile. But he didn't see it. He was watching me. â€Å"What?† I asked when she left. His eyes stayed fixed on my face. â€Å"How are you feeling?† â€Å"I'm fine,† I replied, surprised by his intensity. â€Å"You don't feel dizzy, sick, cold†¦ ?† â€Å"Should I?† He chuckled at my puzzled tone. â€Å"Well, I'm actually waiting for you to go into shock.† His face twisted up into that perfect crooked smile. â€Å"I don't think that will happen,† I said after I could breathe again. â€Å"I've always been very good at repressing unpleasant things.† â€Å"Just the same, I'll feel better when you have some sugar and food in you.† Right on cue, the waitress appeared with our drinks and a basket of breadsticks. She stood with her back to me as she placed them on the table. â€Å"Are you ready to order?† she asked Edward. â€Å"Bella?† he asked. She turned unwillingly toward me. I picked the first thing I saw on the menu. â€Å"Um†¦ I'll have the mushroom ravioli.† â€Å"And you?† She turned back to him with a smile. â€Å"Nothing for me,† he said. Of course not. â€Å"Let me know if you change your mind.† The coy smile was still in place, but he wasn't looking at her, and she left dissatisfied. â€Å"Drink,† he ordered. I sipped at my soda obediently, and then drank more deeply, surprised by how thirsty I was. I realized I had finished the whole thing when he pushed his glass toward me. â€Å"Thanks,† I muttered, still thirsty. The cold from the icy soda was radiating through my chest, and I shivered. â€Å"Are you cold?† â€Å"It's just the Coke,† I explained, shivering again. â€Å"Don't you have a jacket?† His voice was disapproving. â€Å"Yes.† I looked at the empty bench next to me. â€Å"Oh – I left it in Jessica's car,† I realized. Edward was shrugging out of his jacket. I suddenly realized that I had never once noticed what he was wearing – not just tonight, but ever. I just couldn't seem to look away from his face. I made myself look now, focusing. He was removing a light beige leather jacket now; underneath he wore an ivory turtleneck sweater. It fit him snugly, emphasizing how muscular his chest was. He handed me the jacket, interrupting my ogling. â€Å"Thanks,† I said again, sliding my arms into his jacket. It was cold – the way my jacket felt when I first picked it up in the morning, hanging in the drafty hallway. I shivered again. It smelled amazing. I inhaled, trying to identify the delicious scent. It didn't smell like cologne. The sleeves were much too long; I shoved them back so I could free my hands. â€Å"That color blue looks lovely with your skin,† he said, watching me. I was surprised; I looked down, flushing, of course. He pushed the bread basket toward me. â€Å"Really, I'm not going into shock,† I protested. â€Å"You should be – a normal person would be. You don't even look shaken.† He seemed unsettled. He stared into my eyes, and I saw how light his eyes were, lighter than I'd ever seen them, golden butterscotch. â€Å"I feel very safe with you,† I confessed, mesmerized into telling the truth again. That displeased him; his alabaster brow furrowed. He shook his head, frowning. â€Å"This is more complicated than I'd planned,† he murmured to himself. I picked up a breadstick and began nibbling on the end, measuring his expression. I wondered when it would be okay to start questioning him. â€Å"Usually you're in a better mood when your eyes are so light,† I commented, trying to distract him from whatever thought had left him frowning and somber. He stared at me, stunned. â€Å"What?† â€Å"You're always crabbier when your eyes are black – I expect it then,† I went on. â€Å"I have a theory about that.† His eyes narrowed. â€Å"More theories?† â€Å"Mm-hm.† I chewed on a small bite of the bread, trying to look indifferent. â€Å"I hope you were more creative this time†¦ or are you still stealing from comic books?† His faint smile was mocking; his eyes were still tight. â€Å"Well, no, I didn't get it from a comic book, but I didn't come up with it on my own, either,† I confessed. â€Å"And?† he prompted. But then the waitress strode around the partition with my food. I realized we'd been unconsciously leaning toward each other across the table, because we both straightened up as she approached. She set the dish in front of me – it looked pretty good – and turned quickly to Edward. â€Å"Did you change your mind?† she asked. â€Å"Isn't there anything I can get you?† I may have been imagining the double meaning in her words. â€Å"No, thank you, but some more soda would be nice.† He gestured with a long white hand to the empty cups in front of me. â€Å"Sure.† She removed the empty glasses and walked away. â€Å"You were saying?† he asked. â€Å"I'll tell you about it in the car. If†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I paused. â€Å"There are conditions?† He raised one eyebrow, his voice ominous. â€Å"I do have a few questions, of course.† â€Å"Of course.† The waitress was back with two more Cokes. She sat them down without a word this time, and left again. I took a sip. â€Å"Well, go ahead,† he pushed, his voice still hard. I started with the most undemanding. Or so I thought. â€Å"Why are you in Port Angeles?† He looked down, folding his large hands together slowly on the table. His eyes flickered up at me from under his lashes, the hint of a smirk on his face. â€Å"Next.† â€Å"But that's the easiest one,† I objected. â€Å"Next,† he repeated. I looked down, frustrated. I unrolled my silverware, picked up my fork, and carefully speared a ravioli. I put it in my mouth slowly, still looking down, chewing while I thought. The mushrooms were good. I swallowed and took another sip of Coke before I looked up. â€Å"Okay, then.† I glared at him, and continued slowly. â€Å"Let's say, hypothetically of course, that†¦ someone†¦ could know what people are thinking, read minds, you know – with a few exceptions.† â€Å"Just one exception,† he corrected, â€Å"hypothetically.† â€Å"All right, with one exception, then.† I was thrilled that he was playing along, but I tried to seem casual. â€Å"How does that work? What are the limitations? How would†¦ that someone†¦ find someone else at exactly the right time? How would he know she was in trouble?† I wondered if my convoluted questions even made sense. â€Å"Hypothetically?† he asked. â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"Well, if†¦ that someone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Let's call him ‘Joe,'† I suggested. He smiled wryly. â€Å"Joe, then. If Joe had been paying attention, the timing wouldn't have needed to be quite so exact.† He shook his head, rolling his eyes. â€Å"Only you could get into trouble in a town this small. You would have devastated their crime rate statistics for a decade, you know.† â€Å"We were speaking of a hypothetical case,† I reminded him frostily. He laughed at me, his eyes warm. â€Å"Yes, we were,† he agreed. â€Å"Shall we call you ‘Jane'?† â€Å"How did you know?† I asked, unable to curb my intensity. I realized I was leaning toward him again. He seemed to be wavering, torn by some internal dilemma. His eyes locked with mine, and I guessed he was making the decision right then whether or not to simply tell me the truth. â€Å"You can trust me, you know,† I murmured. I reached forward, without thinking, to touch his folded hands, but he slid them away minutely, and I pulled my hand back. â€Å"I don't know if I have a choice anymore.† His voice was almost a whisper. â€Å"I was wrong – you're much more observant than I gave you credit for.† â€Å"I thought you were always right.† â€Å"I used to be.† He shook his head again. â€Å"I was wrong about you on one other thing, as well. You're not a magnet for accidents – that's not a broad enough classification. You are a magnet for trouble. If there is anything dangerous within a ten-mile radius, it will invariably find you.† â€Å"And you put yourself into that category?† I guessed. His face turned cold, expressionless. â€Å"Unequivocally.† I stretched my hand across the table again – ignoring him when he pulled back slightly once more – to touch the back of his hand shyly with my fingertips. His skin was cold and hard, like a stone. â€Å"Thank you.† My voice was fervent with gratitude. â€Å"That's twice now.† His face softened. â€Å"Let's not try for three, agreed?† I scowled, but nodded. He moved his hand out from under mine, placing both of his under the table. But he leaned toward me. â€Å"I followed you to Port Angeles,† he admitted, speaking in a rush. â€Å"I've never tried to keep a specific person alive before, and it's much more troublesome than I would have believed. But that's probably just because it's you. Ordinary people seem to make it through the day without so many catastrophes.† He paused. I wondered if it should bother me that he was following me; instead I felt a strange surge of pleasure. He stared, maybe wondering why my lips were curving into an involuntary smile. â€Å"Did you ever think that maybe my number was up the first time, with the van, and that you've been interfering with fate?† I speculated, distracting myself. â€Å"That wasn't the first time,† he said, and his voice was hard to hear. I stared at him in amazement, but he was looking down. â€Å"Your number was up the first time I met you.† I felt a spasm of fear at his words, and the abrupt memory of his violent black glare that first day†¦ but the overwhelming sense of safety I felt in his presence stifled it. By the time he looked up to read my eyes, there was no trace of fear in them. â€Å"You remember?† he asked, his angel's face grave. â€Å"Yes.† I was calm. â€Å"And yet here you sit.† There was a trace of disbelief in his voice; he raised one eyebrow. â€Å"Yes, here I sit†¦ because of you.† I paused. â€Å"Because somehow you knew how to find me today†¦ ?† I prompted. He pressed his lips together, staring at me through narrowed eyes, deciding again. His eyes flashed down to my full plate, and then back to me. â€Å"You eat, I'll talk,† he bargained. I quickly scooped up another ravioli and popped it in my mouth. â€Å"It's harder than it should be – keeping track of you. Usually I can find someone very easily, once I've heard their mind before.† He looked at me anxiously, and I realized I had frozen. I made myself swallow, then stabbed another ravioli and tossed it in. â€Å"I was keeping tabs on Jessica, not carefully – like I said, only you could find trouble in Port Angeles – and at first I didn't notice when you took off on your own. Then, when I realized that you weren't with her anymore, I went looking for you at the bookstore I saw in her head. I could tell that you hadn't gone in, and that you'd gone south†¦ and I knew you would have to turn around soon. So I was just waiting for you, randomly searching through the thoughts of people on the street – to see if anyone had noticed you so I would know where you were. I had no reason to be worried†¦ but I was strangely anxious†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was lost in thought, staring past me, seeing things I couldn't imagine. â€Å"I started to drive in circles, still†¦ listening. The sun was finally setting, and I was about to get out and follow you on foot. And then -† He stopped, clenching his teeth together in sudden fury. He made an effort to calm himself. â€Å"Then what?† I whispered. He continued to stare over my head. â€Å"I heard what they were thinking,† he growled, his upper lip curling slightly back over his teeth. â€Å"I saw your face in his mind.† He suddenly leaned forward, one elbow appearing on the table, his hand covering his eyes. The movement was so swift it startled me. â€Å"It was very†¦ hard – you can't imagine how hard – for me to simply take you away, and leave them†¦ alive.† His voice was muffled by his arm. â€Å"I could have let you go with Jessica and Angela, but I was afraid if you left me alone, I would go looking for them,† he admitted in a whisper. I sat quietly, dazed, my thoughts incoherent. My hands were folded in my lap, and I was leaning weakly against the back of the seat. He still had his face in his hand, and he was as still as if he'd been carved from the stone his skin resembled. Finally he looked up, his eyes seeking mine, full of his own questions. â€Å"Are you ready to go home?† he asked. â€Å"I'm ready to leave,† I qualified, overly grateful that we had the hour-long ride home together. I wasn't ready to say goodbye to him. The waitress appeared as if she'd been called. Or watching. â€Å"How are we doing?† she asked Edward. â€Å"We're ready for the check, thank you.† His voice was quiet, rougher, still reflecting the strain of our conversation. It seemed to muddle her. He looked up, waiting. â€Å"S-sure,† she stuttered. â€Å"Here you go.† She pulled a small leather folder from the front pocket of her black apron and handed it to him. There was a bill in his hand already. He slipped it into the folder and handed it right back to her. â€Å"No change.† He smiled. Then he stood up, and I scrambled awkwardly to my feet. She smiled invitingly at him again. â€Å"You have a nice evening.† He didn't look away from me as he thanked her. I suppressed a smile. He walked close beside me to the door, still careful not to touch me. I remembered what Jessica had said about her relationship with Mike, how they were almost to the first-kiss stage. I sighed. Edward seemed to hear me, and he looked down curiously. I looked at the sidewalk, grateful that he didn't seem to be able to know what I was thinking. He opened the passenger door, holding it for me as I stepped in, shutting it softly behind me. I watched him walk around the front of the car, amazed, yet again, by how graceful he was. I probably should have been used to that by now – but I wasn't. I had a feeling Edward wasn't the kind of person anyone got used to. Once inside the car, he started the engine and turned the heater on high. It had gotten very cold, and I guessed the good weather was at an end. I was warm in his jacket, though, breathing in the scent of it when I thought he couldn't see. Edward pulled out through the traffic, apparently without a glance, flipping around to head toward the freeway. â€Å"Now,† he said significantly, â€Å"it's your turn.†

The Proteinuria In Childhood Health And Social Care Essay

Proteins are a major constituent of all our organic structure parts, including musculuss, castanetss, hair, and nails. Proteins that circulate in our blood stream besides carry out a figure of of import maps. They help to keep our organic structure maps such as protecting from infection, blood curdling and maintaining the right sum of fluid go arounding around our organic structures, so it is indispensable to keep the right degrees of proteins in our organic structures because of that albuminuria should go a disease which we should pay much attending. The prevalence of stray albuminuria ( symptomless albuminuria ) detected by everyday uranalysis of kids who aged 7-15 old ages were shown to be approximately 10 % although this decreases to 0.1 per centum at repeated testing ( 1 ) . A survey numbering mass showing of school-aged kids in Asia revealed similar findings. The happening increases with age, extremums during adolescence, and is higher in misss. The of import thing is distinction the kid who has proteinuria associated to nephritic diseases, if non healthy kid with transient or benign status of albuminuria. Research shows that type and the degree of albuminuria is a good index of the grade of kidney harm and an earlier warning of developing progressive kidney disease. I hope to discourse about the pathophysiology, etiology, measurings, mark and symptoms, direction and new clinical probes sing albuminuria.What is albuminuria ( in kids ) ?Albuminurias means presence of proteins in inordinate sum, transcending their normal scope in piss. The undermentioned chart shows normal scope of protein elimination harmonizing to the age preferring their organic structure size. Children have somewhat higher usual rate of protein elimination than grownups. Age group Entire protein ( mg per 24 hours ) Entire protein ( mg per M2 per 24 hours ) 95 per centum assurance bounds ( mg per M2 per 24 hours ) 5 to 30 twenty-four hours ( premature ) 29 182 88 to 377 7 to 30 yearss ( full term ) 32 145 68 to 309 2 to 12 months ( baby ) 38 109 48 to 244 2 to 4 old ages ( kid ) 49 91 37 to 223 4 to 10 old ages 71 85 31 to 234 10 to 16 old ages 83 63 22 to 181 Physiologically most healthy kids excrete little sums of protein in their piss. Newborn babies shows highest sum of protein elimination, when corrected for organic structure surface country. Then it decreases with the age until late adolescence. Urinary proteins consist of many of import proteins such as albumen, other plasma proteins, proteins arising in the kidney and urinary piece of land, and chiefly Tamm-Horsfall protein ( uromodulin ) . The normal mention scope of childhood albuminuria is 100mg/m3/day.Mechanism of albuminuria in kidsIn the kidney, fluid that resembles plasma is filtrated from the glomerular capillaries into the nephritic tubules which called as glomerular filtration. This glomerular barrier consists of three beds. They are, Capillary endothelium The cellar membrane Specialized epithelial tissue of the capsule which is made up of Podocytes. In the healthy persons, negligible protein sum is filtrated because of both size selectivity and the charge. Filtration barrier contains negatively charged proteins named sialoproteins and proteoglycans such as heparan sulphate. So this barrier can drive the negatively charged proteins. Fixed collagen net within cellar membrane, podocytes with their interdigitating processes serve as successful size barrier. Low molecular weight proteins can be filtrated by the glomerulus and absorbed by proximal nephritic tubules. Some of them are microglobulin, ? microglobulin, vitamin A1 adhering protein like insulin ( 3, 4 ) . Most of the protein in urine comes from caducous cannular cells ( 5 ) . We can categorise albuminurias harmonizing to mechanism of albuminuria under three headers. They are glomerular albuminurias, cannular albuminuria, secretory albuminuria. Glomerular albuminuria Glomerular albuminuria is caused by increasing permeableness of capillary endothelium. This may run from & A ; lt ; 1g to & A ; gt ; 30g/24hr ( 1 ) . This can be categorized into selective and nonselective glomerular albuminuria. In selective glomerular albuminurias low molecular weight plasma proteins can be loss, together with albumen. In non selective glomerular albuminuria, proteins with big molecular weight such as IgG can be loss. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, amylodosis, segmental glomeruloclerosis, membranous kidney disease are some of the upset characters of glomerular albuminuria. Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis can be due to damage glomerular cellar membrane, increasing the permeableness for plasma proteins. In inborn or minimum nephrotic syndrome, diminishing anionic charge of glomerular cellar membrane can do to loss of albumen. In recent yesteryear, patients who have proteinuria with reduced nephritic mass besides can be found in a great trade of attention-grabbing. Experiments sing this reveal that staying uriniferous tubules are affecting in hyperfiltration taking to progressive glomeruloclerosis ( 7 ) . Glomerular albuminuria should be suspected by first forenoon urine protein/creatinine ratio & A ; gt ; 1.0 or albuminurias with any degree, together with hydrops, high blood pressure, nephritic disfunction and haematuria. Tubular albuminuria In healthy people great sum of proteins which has low molecular weight than albumens such as ?2 microglobulin, Ig visible radiation ironss, retinal binding protein and amino acids are filtrated and later reabsorbed by the proximal tubules ( 8 ) . In tubulointerstitial diseases, these filtered protein are lost in the piss due to a defect in cannular epithelial. Tubular albuminuria can be inherited or acquired upset may be with glycosuria, aminoaciduria and phosphaturia. The relatively high protein elimination can be observed in newborns represents cannular albuminurias owing to immatureness of their nephritic map. Glomerular albuminuria and cannular albuminurias can be distinguished by cataphoresis of the protein sample. Not like the glomerular albuminuria in cannular albuminurias really small sum of albumen can be detected. Secretory albuminuria Secretory albuminuria is owing to oversecretion of tissue proteins in the tubules, particularly oversecretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein from the epithelial cell of the cringle in Henle. Tamm- Horsfall protein has been shown to leak into the inerstium inexperimental reflux kidney disease, clogging uropathy and some tubulointerstitial upsets ( 8 ) .Measurements of albuminuriaThe dipstick trial The urine dipstick trial gives a qualitative judgement of urinary protein elimination. The tetrabromophenol bluish colorimetric method is used by the urine dipstick trial, which is by and large used as testing method. The strength of coloring material alterations from yellow to blue correlatives with the sum of protein in the piss. Albuminuria is chiefly detected by this trial and less sensitive to other signifiers of proteins specially which has low molecular weight. This trial is sensitive to albumin concentration every bit low as 15mg/dL. But it is non satisfactorily sensitive for mensurating albumen in the scope of microalbuminuria. The dipstick is reported as negative, hint ( 10-20 milligram per deciliter ) , 1+ ( 30 milligram per deciliter ) , 2+ ( 100 milligram per deciliter ) , 3+ ( 300 milligram per deciliter ) , and 4+ ( 1,000 milligram per deciliter or greater ) ( 6 ) . But with the dilute piss ( specific gravitation & A ; lt ; 1.002 ) and acidic piss which has low pH valu e than 4.5 and in a disease status which the major urine protein is non albumin can give false negative consequences. False positive consequences can be given with alkalic piss ( pH & A ; gt ; 8 ) , concentrated piss ( specific gravitation & A ; gt ; 1.030 ) , gross haematuria, bacteriuria, taint with antiseptic agents. A dipstick should be considered positive for protein if it registers & A ; gt ; 1+ ( 30 mg/dL ) in urine sample in which the particular gravitation is & A ; lt ; 1.015. If the specific gravitation is & A ; gt ; 1.015, the dipstick must read & amp ; gt ; 2+ to be considered clinically important. Sulfosalicylic acid trial To corroborate the positive consequences of the dipstick trial another trial must be done by utilizing sulfosalicylic acid. Because this trial can observe all categories of proteins. In the trial three beads of sulfosalicylic acid are added to 5 milliliter of piss. So this causes to change over the solution into acidic taking to the precipitation of proteins. But this besides can give false negative consequences due to diluite urine. False positive consequences can take topographic point owing to happening of radiographic contrast stuffs ( 9 ) . Spot urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) trial Children with positive consequences for dipstick trial with relentless albuminuria should travel through the more precise topographic point urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) trial which gives quantitative measuring of proteins in the piss. The normal ratio for random urine protein/creatinine ratio in younger kids than 2 old ages is & A ; lt ; 0.5, in kids 2 twelvemonth of age or older is & A ; lt ; 0.2. A ratio & A ; gt ; 3 reveals the nephrotic scope of albuminuria. If a kid is given ( UPr/Cr ) 2 & A ; gt ; ratio & A ; gt ; 0.2, it is required to obtain a 24 hour urine aggregation. It has found that in kids with terrible malnutrition, serum and urine creatinine degrees depend on musculus mass, because of that the ratio is non valid. However acquiring random protein/creatinine ratio is a convenient method for gauging urine protein elimination alternatively of acquiring a 24-hour piss aggregation which gives more precise information. But it may be a ground to inaccurate consequences because 20 four-hour urine aggregations are non practical in kids in nappies, and although the kid is potty-trained. To measure the truth of the 24 hr urine sample, it may be helpful in mensurating the sum of creatinine. Steady-state day-to-day creatinine elimination is 20 mg/kg in kids from 1 to 12 old ages of age and 22 to 25 mg/kg in older kids. Girls show lower values in creatinine elimination. Normal protein elimination in kids in 24 hr urine aggregation is defined as & A ; lt ; 4 mg/m2/hr, unnatural is defined as 4-40 mg/m2/hr, nephrotic scope albuminuria is defined as & A ; gt ; 40 mg/m2/hr ( 9 ) . other methods Another of import and most normally used quantitative methods in mensurating protein eliminations are the Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye-binding methods, the Ponceau-S method and Benzethonium chloride method. Low-molecular-weight proteins such as ?2 microglobulin can be straight ditected by Urinary protein cataphoresis. But this will be done in particular state of affairss and it is non a portion of the everyday rating of a kid with albuminuria. Similarly, the finding of microalbuminuria in diabetic kids requires the usage of more sensitive methods such as radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent check ( 10 ) .The etiologyThe etiology of albuminuria in kids is varied, but harmonizing to the clinical timing and frequence of the job, albuminuria can be categorized under three conditions. They are transeunt albuminurias, orthostatic albuminuria and relentless albuminuria. The orthostatic and transeunt signifiers are benign and more common. Persistent albuminuria may be associated w ith implicit in nephritic diseases and requires farther probes. Transient albuminuria Transient albuminuria is impermanent and 30 % – 50 % of the kids with albuminuria belong to this class ( 10 ) . This can go on owing to strenuous exercising, febrility, emphasis, exposure to cold, abdominal surgery, ictuss, desiccation, heat failure and besides due to hemodynamic changes in glomerular blood flow. After stoping of those factors transient albuminuria resolutenesss impetuously. So any therapy or intervention is non needed for kids who have this benign status. Children who have symptomless isolated albuminuria, dipstick trial demands to be repeated hebdomadal no less than two occasions to make up one's mind the albuminuria was non transeunt. If the albuminuria disappears on repetition testing, so it is likely transient. Orthostatic albuminuria Orthostatic albuminuria or postural albuminuria is frequent in kids. Orthostatic albuminuria is affecting in 60 % of all instances of symptomless albuminuria reported in kids. Children with orthostatic albuminurias excrete negligible sum of proteins in supine place. But in the unsloped place protein elimination with the piss is raised up to 10 creases, up to 1000mg/24hr ( 1 ) . Hypertension, nephritic disfunction, hypoalbuminaemia, and haematurias are non present. If all research lab trials are normal apart from persistently elevated protein elimination, farther experiments should be done to govern out or corroborate orthostatic albuminuria. The kid is asked to empty his/her vesica, merely earlier traveling to bed at dark and collects the first urine sample in the following forenoon instantly after originating. Orthostatic albuminuria will be confirmed by the absence of proteins in the first urine sample for three back-to-back yearss. If the early forenoon urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) ratio is & A ; lt ; 0.2 mg/mg or the protein elimination in the piss collected from lying/supine place is & A ; lt ; 60mg/m2/day are declarative values of orthostatic albuminurias ( 11 ) . The cause of orthostatic albuminuria is unknown ; nevertheless, partial nephritic vena obstructors in the unsloped place and nephritic hemodynamic alterations have been suggested. Persistent albuminuria Persistent albuminurias can be verified by first urine sample on three back-to-back yearss. Valuess of relentless albuminurias are, protein elimination greater than 4 mg/m2/hr in a 24 hr urine aggregation or topographic point urine protein/creatinine ratio greater than 0.2 mg/mg ) in a urine sample ( 1 ) . This can be pointed out under glomerular or cannular beginning, which I have discussed earlier. Further experiments are needed, to except relentless albuminurias from any implicit in nephritic pathology. Causes for albuminurias are more common than tubulointerstitial causes for albuminuria. We can acknowledge so many different implicit in causes for relentless albuminuria. Specially diabetes mellitus and high blood force per unit area can do harm to the kidney which lead to albuminurias, but they are non outstanding in kids. Research workers have shown that race and ethnicity besides have some consequence on developing albuminuria. African, American, Hispanic, Native American and P acific Islanders illustrations are more likely than Whites to hold albuminurias ( 12 ) . Other causes include, primary and secondary glomerulonephropathy, Collagen vascular disease, medicines, injury, toxic conditions, infections, malignances and immune system upsets. Multiple myeloma and amyloidosis can besides take to proteinuria by increasing production of proteins ( 11 ) . Examples for some of them are listed below.Cause to relentless albuminuria and its clinical characteristics.Glomerular diseases Clinical characteristics Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in urine, nephrotic-range albuminuria, hypoalbuminaemia, lipemia Congenital nephrotic syndrome hydrops at birth or during first hebdomad of life, hypoalbuminaemia, lipemia IgA kidney disease Normally older than 10 old ages, haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in piss. Membranoproliferative glomerulonepritis haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in piss Henoch-Sch & A ; ouml ; nlein purpura cellular dramatis personaes on uranalysis Diabetess mellitus elevated fasting blood glucose, glycosuria, weight loss Malignancies weight loss, cachexy Tubular disease Acute cannular mortification nephritic cannular epithelial cell dramatis personaes on uranalysis, elevated serum creatinine Acute tubulointerstitial Bright's disease acute rise in serum creatinine degree, eosinophilia, white blood cells casts on uranalysis Polycystic kidney disease haematuria, high blood pressure, nephritic inadequacy, nephromegaly, ruddy blood cells on uranalysis, elevated serum creatinine Toxins elevated degree of the toxin Proximal nephritic cannular acidosis acidic piss, glycosuria, aminoaciduria, growing failure, polyuriaSymptoms and marks in kids with albuminuriaClinical characteristics which related to the causes of the albuminuria, can be taken as symptoms and marks associated with relevant conditions of albuminuria, which were given in the tabular array above. Research shows most of the kids with albuminurias will non detect any unnatural mark or symptoms sing this. In kids, differential diagnosing of albuminuria has a big assortment of symptoms and marks. But in inordinate grade of albuminuria, it has some common characteristics related to nephritic disease. Some of them are edema, growing failure and high blood pressure. Their piss may look foamy in lavatories, due to presence of big sums of protein. Although edema formation is non good understood, it can explicate like this. In most cases, monolithic protein loss with urine consequences in hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia, which leads to cut down the plasma oncotic force per unit area and transudate of fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial infinite, leads to roll up hydrops fluid in tissues result in periorbital, presacral, venereal, or ankle hydrops. The decrease in intravascular volume decreases nephritic perfusion force per unit area, triping the rennin-angiotensin system. This system acts on adrenal secretory organs to release aldosterone. Both rennin-angiotensin system and aldosterone stimulate the cannular resorption of Na and H2O which leads to high blood pressure.Management of albuminuria in childhoodA complete history of the kid must be taken as the initial rating of albuminuria. History of the nephritic disease, alterations in urine end product, alterations in weight, gross haematuria and re cent upper respiratory infections, should be included for a complete history. First a quantitative measuring should be come into procedure utilizing random or 24 hr aggregation for the UPr/Cr ratio. Parents can liberate from concern if the albuminuria is transeunt or orthostatic and the kid is symptomless. But the kid should be followed by sing a physician and must take the ratio UPR /Cr in each visit. If relentless albuminuria is recognized, intervention procedure depends on the sum of proteins in the piss. If the entire protein elimination is & A ; lt ; 1g/24hr or UPR / Cr is less than 1.0, kid should see physician one time for six months. If the albuminuria exists more than a twelvemonth, kid should travel through a nephritic biopsy. If the entire protein elimination is & A ; gt ; 1g/24hr, a uranalysis should be performed and the physical scrutiny should be done, which consists of measurings of tallness, designation of hydrops, ascites, weight and blood force per unit area, skin lividness and tactual exploration of the kidneys in newborn babies. Then a blood sample must be taken for finding of electrolytes, creatinine, complete blood count, blood urea N and entire protein albumen every six to 12 months. The intervention of relentless albuminurias should be aimed towards the implicit in cause. Renal echography may be helpful to separate anatomical or inborn abnormalcies such as p olycystic kidneys in immature kids ( less than six old ages of age ) . If a kid shows elevated creatinine degrees or hypocomplementaemia or haematuria, a chronic glomerular disease may be present. When urinary protein elimination is in the nephrotic scope ( UPr/Cr & A ; gt ; 3.0 ) , even without hydrops, and the kid is younger than six old ages of age, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome can be expected and a test of corticosteroid therapy should be performed. So a kid with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome should be given a test of Orasone ( 2 mg/kg/day, or 60 mg/m2/day to a upper limit of 80 mg/day ) in up to three divided doses for four to six hebdomads, followed by intervention on other every twenty-four hours for another four to six hebdomads ( 13 ) . Second-line therapy ( cyclophosphamide, Leukeran [ Leukeran ] , cyclosporine [ Sandimmune ] ) may be necessary if steroid intervention fails or inauspicious effects are intolerable ( 7 ) . If the patient has nephrotic scope protein elimination and if that kid is older than six twelvemonth of age, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome can non be expected. So the type of the disease responsible for the nephrotic syndrome can be identified by a nephritic biopsy and a referral to a paediatric nephrologist. Angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitor and/or angiotensin-II receptor blocker can be given to the patient with albuminuria as a consequence of nephritic disfunction. It will assist to decrease albuminurias and slow patterned advance of nephritic disease. The kid should travel through a farther unequivocal diagnosing, which is done by a paediatric nephrologist. In recent National Guidelines for the direction of kidney disease NICE ( National institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ) recommends that people with kidney disease and albuminuria should hold systolic blood force per unit area between 120mmHg and 130mmHg and the diastolic blood force per unit area to be less than 80mmHg, as it helps to protect the kidney ( 14 ) . Excessive limitations on the kid ‘s day-to-day life and physical activity are non required. It has been recognized dietetic protein supplementation to reconstruct the loss of protein is non recommended as it may be harmful. Taking inordinate sums of salt is non desirable and if edema develops, precise salt limitation may be necessary.New clinical probeResearch workers in Canada late reported that high doses of the anti-hypertensive drug ; Candesartan Cilexetil could cut down albuminurias. This drug is an angiotensin-II receptor blocker. It besides has an consequence on fibrosis and redness in the kidney which helps to decelerate the kidney failure in this disease status ( 15 ) . Nutcracker syndrome may be an of import disease status of orthostatic albuminuria in kids. The patients with orthostatic albuminurias have unnatural degrees of anteroposterior diameter and peak speed at the hilar and aorto-mesenteric part of the left nephritic vena. This has been investigated by Doppler echography ( 16 ) . An albumin elimination in the scope of microalbuminuria is now known to be an early index of diabetic glomerular disease and systemic endothelial disfunction and is a utile predictive marker for future cardiovascular events ( 17 ) .DecisionProteinuria is a common research lab determination in kids. Pathophysiology of albuminurias can chiefly depend on either glomerular or cannular defects. A speedy but qualitative appraisal of albuminurias can be taken utilizing dipstick and sulfosalicylic acid methods. More accurate quantitation is obtained by mensurating protein elimination in 24-hour urine samples or by taking the protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Frequently it can be recognized as either a transient or orthostatic in the signifier of benign status. Orthostatic albuminuria is characterized by the presence of protein in urine samples collected in the unsloped place. Persistent albuminuria is associated with serious nephritic diseases. Clinical characteristics from t he history, physical scrutiny, and research lab trials help to happen out the cause of albuminuria. If the albuminuria is transeunt or orthostatic, particular interventions are non required. But farther interventions and research lab trials are mandatory, when refering about the implicit in disease, if the status is relentless.

Jaguar Facts (Panthera onca)

Jaguar Facts (Panthera onca) The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest big cat in the Americas and the third largest in the world, after the lion and tiger. spost Fast Facts: Jaguar Scientific Name: Panthera oncaCommon Names: JaguarBasic Animal Group: Mammal Size: 5-6 feet plus 27-36 inch tailWeight: 100-250 poundsLifespan: 12-15 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Central and South AmericaPopulation: 64,000Conservation Status: Near Threatened Description Both jaguars and leopards have spotted coats, but the jaguar has fewer and larger rosettes (spots), often containing small dots. Jaguars are shorter and stockier than leopards. Most jaguars have golden to reddish-brown spotted coats with white bellies. However, melanistic jaguars or black panthers occur about 6% of the time in South American cats. Albino jaguars or white panthers also occur, but they are rare. Black jaguars occur naturally in wild populations. Alicia Barbas Garcia / EyeEm / Getty Images Male and female jaguars have a similar appearance, but females tend to be 10-20 percent smaller than males. Otherwise, the size of the cats varies greatly, ranging from 3.7-6.1 feet from the nose to the base of the tail. The cats tail is the shortest of the big cats, ranging from 18-36 inches in length. Mature adults may weigh anywhere from 79-348 pounds. Jaguars in the southern end of their range are larger than those found further north. Habitat and Distribution The jaguars range once ran from the Grand Canyon or possibly Colorado in the United States down through Argentina. However, the cat was heavily hunted for its beautiful fur. While its possible a few of the cats remain in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, sizable populations only exist from Mexico through Central America and into South America. The cat is protected and believed to have a high chance of survival in the Kaan Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, the Manu National Park in Peru, and the Xingu National Park in Brazil. Jaguars are disappearing from most of the remainder of their range. While jaguars prefer forested areas near water, they also live in shrubland, wetlands, grasslands, and savanna biomes. Diet and Behavior While jaguars resemble leopards, their ecological niche is most similar to that of the tiger. Jaguars stalk and ambush prey, often falling upon the target from a tree. They are strong swimmers and readily pursue prey in water. Jaguars are crepuscular, usually hunting before dawn and after dusk. Prey includes capybara, deer, pigs, frogs, fish, and snakes, including anacondas. The cats jaws have a powerful bite force that enables them to crack open turtle shells and defeat all but the largest caimans. After making a kill, a jaguar will haul its dinner up a tree to eat. Although they are obligate carnivores, jaguars have been observed eating Banisteriopsis caapi  (ayahuasca), a plant containing the psychelic compound N,N-Dimethyltryptamine  (DMT). Reproduction and Offspring Jaguars are solitary cats except for mating. They mate throughout the year, usually whenever food is abundant. Pairs separate immediately after mating. Gestation lasts 93-105 days, resulting in up to four, but usually two, spotted cubs. Only the mother cares for the cubs. Cubs open their eyes at two weeks and are weaned by three months of age. They stay with their mother for a year or two before leaving to find their own territory. Males typically have larger territories than females. Male territories do not overlap. Multiple females may occupy a territory, but the cats tend to avoid each other. Females reach sexual maturity around two years of age, while males mature later at age three or four. Wild jaguars live 12-15 years, but captive cats may live 23 years. Jaguar cubs are spotted. Picture by Tambako the Jaguar / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the jaguars conservation status as near threatened. As of 2017, the total cat population was estimated to be around 64,000 individuals and was decreasing rapidly. Jaguars, especially males, range across vast territories, so the animals are heavily influenced by habitat loss and fragmentation from development, transportation, agriculture, pollution, and logging. As apex predators, they are at risk from diminishing availability of natural prey. Jaguars are not protected across much of their range, particularly in countries where they threaten livestock. They may be hunted as pests, as trophies, or for their fur. While the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 1973 greatly reduced pelt trade, illegal trade remains a problem. Jaguars and Humans Unlike leopards, lions, and tigers, jaguars rarely attack humans. However, the combination of human encroachment and decreased prey has led to increasing conflict. While the risk of an attack is real, jaguars and pumas (Puma concolor) are much less likely to attack people than other big cats. Perhaps a handful of human attacks by jaguars have been documented in recent history. In contrast, over a thousand people have been attacked by lions in the past 20 years. While the direct risk to humans is small, jaguars readily target pets and livestock. Sources Dinets, V. and P. J. Polechla. First documentation of melanism in the jaguar (Panthera onca) from northern Mexico. Cat News. 42: 18, 2005.Mccain, Emil B.; Childs, Jack L. Evidence of resident Jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Southwestern United States and the Implications for Conservation. Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (1): 1–10, 2008. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-F-268.1  Mossaz, A.; Buckley, R.C.; Castley. Ecotourism Contributions to Conservation of African Big Cats. Journal for Nature Conservation. 28: 112–118, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2015.09.009Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. Panthera onca. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T15953A123791436, 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.enWozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 546–547, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

The war in syria and its consequences on lebanon Research Paper

The war in syria and its consequences on lebanon - Research Paper Example lion attacks during the war hence making it further impossible for the people in Syria to access basic amenities like school and hospitals (White, 15). At the same time, the warring parties assaulted civilians by using mass weapons for destruction like chemical guess. Following that, there have been a great number of Syrians moving out of the country to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt and Lebanon. Lebanon became home to a large number of refugees from Syria owing to the fact that it has the longest border with Syria. Following that, Lebanon has been an integral player as a consequence of the dynamics of the war in Syria (Barnes-Dacey, 15). This paper will tackle the issues that have arisen following the upsurge of refugees in the Lebanon borders and Lebanon as a country. At the same time, the paper will tackle various aspects in relation to the effect of the Syria’s civil war on Lebanon. Government instability following divided support of the war in Syria, which has been instigated by the fact that in the top leadership of the Lebanon, both pro - al Assad and pro - rebel groups do exist. The part will involve a brief information on the war in Syria siting its effects and causes. At the same time, the section will shade light on the role of Lebanon in the war, bringing out the reason as to why it plays an integral role in the Syrian war. In addition, the section will seek to understand the relationship that has been in place between Syria and Lebanon over a couple of years. This is important in determining the dynamics of the relationship of the two countries from pre-war and during the warring time. This paper will establish the importance the information obtained from the study on the international point of view about the war. At the same time the paper will highlight the importance of the information on both the Syrian and Lebanon authorities. Perhaps this will make them make better decisions that might help in mitigating the effects of the war. Lastly, it

Easyjet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Easyjet - Assignment Example Here, the application of innovation to Easy-Jet is analyzed in the following sections of this report. The logo of turning Europe orange is much more than a logo for Easy-Jet; it is the vision to which the airlines moves by means of its various lines of businesses – airlines being the case under consideration in this report. Easy-Jet is all about innovation and creativity; in a business where services are rather homogenous in nature, the cost advantage mainly belongs to the old names of the industry since they break-even at a much earlier time, causing issues to the new entrants. Otherwise, the competition remains cut-throat because the technology in the airlines industry is fairly replicable, and does not stay as a competitive advantage for a longer period of time. Subsequently, the importance of innovation and creativity rises as a major source of gaining the competitive advantage in the arena. There is substantial evidence in the research to reveal the fact that the strategy planned by the firm is well defined, and has goals and strategies defined in a manageable mode. The preliminary action is to define the target market which is technically the leisure seeking travelers – as described by the corporate management of the business. Gradually, the firm is also targeting the business travelers, but the major source of revenue or the larger chunk are the leisure travelers. Alongside establishing precise target market, it is also critical to attain the network of key airports that are the major requirements for catering to the leisure class travelers since this category prefers airlines that picks them from their home town and drops them to their destiny. Along the similar lines, Easy-Jet has linked and formed networks across the key airports in Europe and the major population in the same region. Extending the same towards the frequency of flights develops